Role Of The National Bank And Its Intervention Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2925 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? In Georgia, as in the worlds most ancient civilized countries, the monetary-credit relations, the existence of different credit facilities and banks have a very long history. Different types of credit institutions, such as credit unions appeared in the VIth century BC in ancient Georgian kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia. These institutions were the precursor of todays banking system. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Role Of The National Bank And Its Intervention Finance Essay" essay for you Create order This process permanently continued and further accelerated, and in the 8th century, wide variety of credit organizations banks in todays term already existed giving credits with or without the basis of collaterals. In the XI-XIII centuries, Georgia was involved in the world trade, after which the credit unions were more developing, however, after the second half of XIII century Georgian territory became the fighting arena, while it continuously had invaders from different countries.1 Therefore any kind of materials or historical sources on credit facilities is no longer available. After that period the financial-banking system in Georgia was gradually developing and refining. But in this paper we will mainly consider todays banking system and its role in the countrys economy starting from the period of Georgias independence. After declaring its independence, the financial system of Georgia has experienced significant changes. The financial infrastructure designed the following t ransformation: The National Bank of Georgia (NBG) has been created; the national currency Georgian Lari (GEL) has been issued; the commercial banks have been certified. Except banking system, the financial system includes other financial institutions. In 2010 in Georgia 19 Commercial banks operated, from which 16 are operating with the foreign capital participation. As for non-banking depository institutions, there are 49 microfinance organizations (MFO), 18 credit unions; 1,624 exchange bureaus; 24 money remittance service providers; 16 insurance companies; 6 pension funds and 1 stock exchange.0 Among these financial institutions most profitable and important for financial sector is the banking system, which is reflected with the mobilization of the finances and their formation into investment sources by means of the banking institutions. According to this, banking system plays an important role in increasing the pace of Georgian economy. The banks operate in accordance with moder n market model in every respect. An active involvement of the Georgian banks helps the small and medium sized business development in the country. Georgia have done lost of success in developing its financial sector during last years after its independence, however external factors have hampered countrys development to some extent recently, which reflected on Georgias economy and consequently on its financial sector. Nowadays, positive changes are being implemented which gives us the possibility to presume, that the financial system will further develop and promote countys economic development. The Institutional Reforms in the Banking Sector The transformation of Georgias financial system was going on the background of heavy economic and political crisis. During 1991-1994, the production capacity dropped dramatically by 70 percent, which caused a serious financial crisis, suspension of traditional foreign economic links, weak requirements for licensing and, moreover hyperinflation increased instability of banking system. Extremely low required initial capital and the absence of regulation norms from the national bank facilitated the process of the creation of new private banks. From 1989 to 1993, number of commercial banks functioning in the country increased from 20 to 228 (See Table 3 for details), but because of a weak financial base biggest part of them faced financial difficulties, consequently volume of deposits dropped to zero; they couldnt provide high-quality services to their customers. Because of the lack of credit recourses, commercial banks began to compete in attracting money amounts from the population i n return for huge interest rates. Interest rates reached 25-30 percent per month. Unfortunately, such promises were beyond reasonable. After a year, already in 1995, such promises gave deplorable results these banks became bankrupts.3 The tendency of opening commercial banks easily and providing credits from the national bank was finally stopped by the introduction of a new regulation and strict requirements for commercial banks. As a result, in 1996, a two-tier banking system has been developed. The national bank became the upper level of the banking system. All other banks, being under private ownership, constituted the lower tier. The National Bank of Georgia was formed as a classic central bank. The central bank supported Georgian banking system to become larger and secured. In 1998, in order to improve the banks equity liquidity, the requirements for the charter capital were made stricter. The national bank introduced minimal charter capital with the amount of 5 million GEL . Later it increased up to 12 million GEL. This policy led to the reduction of number of commercial banks and in 2009, only 20 commercial banks were functioning out of 228 (Mosiashvili, 2009). Table 3. Number of registered commercial banks /end of the year/ 1993 2001 2002 2003 2004 2009 2010 Number of Banks Total 228 29 27 25 21 20 19 Number of Bank Branches _ 206 199 201 162 159 119 Nowadays, 17 of the existing commercial banks are national (private owned) and 2 are branch establishments of Turkish and Azerbaijan Banks. All in all, 16 out of the 19 commercial banks were founded under the participation of foreign financial institutions such as HSBS, Commerzbank and Societe Generale and others. From 1997, the banking system of Georgia grew significantly rapidly. The banking sector compared to other sectors was annually developing at a preceding rate. During 1997-2004, financial intermediation, as one of the types of economic activities, grew almost 8.7 times in real terms, while the GDP only grew 1.6 times. Despite the fact, that banking sectors share itself is rather small, it offers its clients almost all kinds of banking services currently available in the developed countries. Role of Banks in Developing the Economy As we already mentioned, nineteen commercial banks operated in 2010, from which 17 are resident banks and two as branches of a foreign bank. The total number of service centers and branches of the commercial banks in Georgia equals 632, or 26 units less compared to the previous year (probably because of the cost minimization policies). The share of commercial banks with foreign capital participation equals 89 percent in total assets and 88.3 percent in equity capital. 78.7 percent of paid-in capital represents investments, a two percentage point increase in annual terms. The Georgian banking sector received investments in the total amount of 58.14 million GEL in terms of flows between June 2009 and June 2010. The total assets of the banking system comprised 9.215 million GEL at the end of Q2 2010, which in 19.2 percent more compared to 2009. As for the rations of total banking assets and loans with respect to GDP, these parameters were subject to certain fluctuations in the acco unting period. At present, the assets-to-GDP ratio equals 48.7 percent, being 6 percent more compared to previous 2009 year. The loans-to-GDP ratio in 2010 stood at 30.3 percent, posting an insignificant change in annual terms. Commercial banks credits to economy Deposits Share of Households in Deposits (%) Total in national currency in foreign currency 2003 785923 618852 85863 532989 60.3 2004 964917 895940 230104 665836 50.5 2005 1730466 1174896 333611 841285 54.7 2006 2704384 1859075 565143 1293932 50.2 2007 4632048 2863060 984903 1878157 45.1 2008 6059598 3221187 778560 2442627 50.9 2009 5253905 3427324 91002 2517322 52.7 Source: NBG Deposits The deposits in commercial banks showed a mild increase by 6.4 percent in 2009 compared to 2008, which can be explained by a high growth rate (16.9 percent) of deposits in national currency. Their share in total deposit volume increased significantly by 2.3 percent and comprised 26.5 percent compared to 2008. Hence, the deposit dollarization coefficient decreased from 75.8 percent to 73.5 percent. In 2008, an upward trend in foreign currency denominated deposits continued, although the growth rate was much lower by 5.5 times that of the deposits in national currency. The increase in the deposits in foreign currency was mainly achieved due to the rise in term-deposits by 14.2 percent, while current account deposits decreased by 19.9 percent. It should be noted, that the interest rates on deposits tended to decrease: the respective interest rates on deposits in lari and foreign currency decreased from 11.4 and 10.2 percent in June 2009 to 10.7 and 9.3 percent at the end of the year, and 9.5 and 8.0 percent at the end of June 2010. Compared to 2009, the overall share of deposits increased by 45.3 percent in 2010; Loans The amount of loans issued by commercial banks significantly decreased in 2008 (by 13.3 percent). 95 percent of these loans accounted for term loans, according to which 3 percent and 1.4 percent accounted for overdue loans and accrued interest. In 2009, 59.8 percent of credits to the national economy issued by commercial banks both in national and foreign currencies went to different sectors of the economy, while 40.2 percent went to households. Source: NBG The structure of credit to the economy experienced significant changes in 2008: the share of industry has increased by 2.3 percent. At the same time slightly increased healthcare and transport and communications share (0.5 and 0.3 percent). In contrast, notable decrease was seen in the share of trade (1.3 percent). And last but not least, the shares of real estate transactions and construction experienced a decrease as well by 0.9 percent and 0.6 percent. In 2009, fewer amounts were channeled towards crediting of sectors o f the economy as compared to a year before mainly because of the decrease in loans to trade and construction by 12.8 and 14.9 percent. In 2008, the average annual interest rate on loans of commercial banks comprised 18.6 percent; then in 2009 it increased by 0.7 percent and in 2010 decreased again by 1.4 percent and comprised 18.1 percent. The total assets of commercial banking sector showed a moderate decrease by 6.5 percent falling to GEL 5,185 million in 2009 due mainly to a notable drop in loans to the entrepreneurial sector and households because of higher credit risks. The decrease in total liabilities, on the other hand, was caused by a sharp decline in borrowings by commercial banks. However, starting from January 2010 a permanent uptrend has been manifested showing signs of economic recovery. As for June 2010, the volume of loans equals GEL 5,737 million. In particular, the loans to legal entities grew by 10.9 percent year-on-year, while loans to individuals increase d only slightly at 0.6 percent. Overall, the real growth of the credit portfolio of the banking sector equaled 3.1 percent in the accounting period. Strong growth of loans in the first half of 2010 should be noted with the real growth amounted to 8.43 percent during that period. In 2010, 42.5 percent of the interest income of the banking sector came from loans to individuals, and 55 percent from loans to legal entities. If we compare the interest expenses, the net interest margin equaled 14.7 percent for households and 12.1 percent for legal entities. General Trends in System Development During last ten years, Georgian economy was growing quite successfully. The major factor of economic growth was a correct macroeconomic policy which along with economic liberalization envisaged the establishment of European market regulations. In such conditions, the banking sector has achieved very good indicators, particularly in loans and consumer deposits; growth prospects are also very important. After all of the above-mentioned circumstances significantly increased financial interests of international organizations through the Georgian banking system. Today, as a result, many foreign and international financial institutions are making investments in Georgia. They are as follows: EBRD, IFC, Kreditanstalt fà ¼r Wiederaufbau (KfW), JSC Procreditbank, German Komerzbank, German Investments and Development Company (DEG), Russian ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Vneshtorbank and many more. Growth of foreign capital in Georgian banking system significantly increased the availability of new resources and new banking products, and at the same time was an important contributor of introducing modern management principles. Participation of foreign financial institutions in Georgian banking system is also reflected by allocation of credit lines, which started from 1996 and consisted three main directions: Structural strengthening of banks; Support of small and medium sized businesses (SME); Mortgage market development. In this direction leads EBRD and its capacity of credit line to Georgian banks is growing annually. Only in 2001-2005, the amount of credit line increased from GEL 32 to 50 million and was distributed to six commercial banks. Recently, on July 2010, the EBRD has approved a financing USD 50 million package for the Bank of Georgia consisting of three transactions: USD 20 million for Medium-Sized Co-Financing Facility (MCFF) with full recourse to the company; USD 20 million credit line for Small and Medium Enterprise Lending (SME) and USD 1 0 million credit line for Energy Efficiency.7 Bank of Georgia is the leading bank in Georgia with a market share of 33 percent of total assets on the London Stock Exchange. The second largest share of credit line has IFC, a member of the World Bank Group, which is also growing its credit lines annually. In the same period, the amount of loans for three commercial banks increased from GEL 8 million to GEL 31 million. Also should be mentioned the fact, that it declared of lending USD 20 million to Bank Republic, Societe Generale Group for financing small and medium sized enterprises. SME in Georgia represent one of the most important segments for economic growth as well as employment. It consists of lots of sectors such as small retailer shops, traders from agriculture and many more. SME business has high potential and the most interesting field to develop is manufacturing, in order to be able to produce products, to be exported and development of export is crucial for the country in order to capture inflow of foreign currency.8 It is also noteworthy to mention German DEG and KfW with their modest share. KfW is very actively involved in financing the land market development project and establishment of technical support in deposit insurance system, which will have a great importance on the future development of banking sector. As for the current situation, in 2010, after activating the processes of consolidation and concentration, the following major groups have been firmly established: Large Banks (6) with the 87 percent assets of the overall banking sector (each bank consists of more than 5 percent total assets of the banking system); Medium sized banks are represented with three commercial banks, each of them owns from 1 to 5 percent of overall banking assets (total group includes 7 percent of total assets); Small banking group includes 10 banks (each owns less than 1 and together 6 percent of the overall banking assets). The quantitative and qualitative growth rates in Georgian banks were challenged by strong financial conditions of large banks, which caused stability of the banking system. The main competition was held among these strong banks and they become the pioneers of implementing new products and services. Operating Licensed Commercial Banks in Georgia Bank Date of Licensing Licensing Number Current Number of Branches JSC Bank Republic 04.02.1992 N5 46 JSC TaoPrivatBank (Former JSC kavkasioni, JCS Tao Bank, JCS First Commercial Bank 25.02.1992 N10 40 JSC TBC Bank 20.01.1993 N85 35 JSC Bank of Georgia 15.12.1994 N86 138 JCS Liberty Bank (Former Peoples bank, JCS Agro-industrial Bank) 10.02.1993 N96 72 JCS Basisbank 11.04.1993 N173 18 JSC VTB Bank Georgia (Former JSC United Georgian Bank) 07.05.1995 N226-a 15 JCS Cartu Bank 09.01.1997 N229 9 JSC Procredit Bank (Former JSC Microfinance Bank of Georgia) 13.05.1999 N233 55 JSC BTA Bank (Former JSC BTA Silk Road Bank, JSC Silk Road) 13.03.2001 N238 7 JSC Investbank 29.09.2003 N241 3 JSC The International Bank of Azerbaijan-Georgia 07.02.2007 N0110242 1 T.C. JSC Ziraat Bank A.S. Tbilisi Branch 31.03.1998 N231-1 1 Open JSC Transcaucasus Development Bank Tbilisi Branch 02.12.1999 N234-1 1 JSC HSBC Bank-Georgia 30.07.2007 N000226 1 JSC Progress Bank 31.12.2007 N0110244 2 JSC KOR Standard Bank 25.01.2008 N01100245 14 JSC Halyk Bank Georgia 29.01.2008 N0110246 1 JSC Bank Constanta 03.07.2008 Decree N130 issued by the Head of FSA 17 From these commercial banks the leading banks can be considered Bank of Georgia, TBC Bank, Bank Republic and Procredit Bank. This is mainly due to the amount of loan portfolio, with the share of deposits, with a good service and international recognition (with respect to other banks). For example, Fitch Ratings, a global credit rating agency, has improved TBC Banks rating and assigned B+ category. Growth of TBC Banks rating is a very positive event since the difficult economic and political processes in Georgia during 2008-2009 had a negative effect on the countrys economy, including banking sector. Experts of Fitch Ratings claim that growth of TBC Banks rating along with the stab le and dynamic development of the bank has been conditioned by a large scale investment in TBC Bank in the first half of 2009 as well as by the changes that took place in the structure of shareholders. Moodys Investors Service has upgraded by two notches to B1 from B3 the long-term foreign currency deposit rating TBC Bank. At the same time, Moodys has the banks D bank financial strength rating (BFSR), which maps to a Ba3 baseline credit assessment (SCA), and has changed its outlook to stable. Similarly, the banks Ba3 long-term global local currency (GLC) deposit rating was confirmed with a stable outlook. Raising USD 161 million from leading international institutions such as EBRD, enterpreneual development bank of the Netherlands FMO, JP Morgan and Ashmore was banks major achievement in 2009. TBC Banks performance in the SME segment is improving annually. At the same time, the Banks structure and approaches are being developed in order to increase the quality service. Th e TBC bank main financial data for 2010 can be characterized as follows: net profit of GEL 43 million was achieved; Bank evaluated another successful year from its 18 year history. According to the banks information, loan portfolio was increased by 33 percent (GEL 369 million), deposits increased by 38 percent (GEL 370 million) and total assets by 30 percent (GEL 522 million). From the beginning of 2010, taking into account countrys improvement, TBC Bank has reinforced its credit policy and softened the terms of lending. It introduced several social projects, implemented a new service as well as expanded its branch networks and so on.9 Banks market share in total assets is 20.8 percent; market share in loans 21.6 percent and market share in deposits accounts for 24.9 percent. Abbreviations IFC International Financial Corporation KfW Kreditanstalt fà ¼r Wiederaufbau SME Small and Medium sized business BFSR Bank Financial Strength Rating GLC Global Local Currency 0 National Statistics of Georgia: www.geostat.ge 1 see www.cac-biodiversity.org for details. 2 Kartl-Kakheti Kingdom in Georgia dont exist anymore. Instead they represent two regions of Georgia: Kartli and Kakheti. 7 See www.ebrd.com 3 According to expert estimation, total amount accumulated in these companies and banks, fluctuated between 25 million and 50 million USD, composed 20-35 percent of a state budget in 1995. 4 Mwenda (2006), pp. 31-32. 8 see www.finchannel.com 9 see www.economy.ge

Persuasive Essay On Fast Food - 1001 Words

Why We Choose Ever walked into any cafeteria and seen fried chicken, french fries, burgers and all sorts of fast foods? Where you ever tempted to buy these type of foods? This temptation happens to anyone, even children. Did you think what these types of foods can do to the health of a person, especially younger children. We already have fast foods being served in schools. There are things we can do to change that. The government should make stricter laws regulating the food that is served in schools because most schools serve unhealthy foods. It will help decrease child obesity. They can start at a young age and get a better understanding of what they are eating. In the movie Fed Up, the schools cafeterias barely served†¦show more content†¦Of course children are going to go for the food that is unhealthy because it taste better. Eating healthy at a young age will prevent obesity. According to the movie Fed Up â€Å" over 95% of all americans will be overweight or obese in two decades†. The cause of obesity is from the food products that are in the stores today. The movie Fed Up also states â€Å" there are 6,000 food products in america, 80% of them contain sugar†. If the government do not control what the industries are putting in the food the industries will keep doing what they are doing. Unhealthy foods are being sold in schools and it seems to me that the schools dont seem to care what they eat. If schools keep serving unhealthy food, the children will keep choosing food that is unhealthy because it tastes better and it is right in front of them. If they keep it up they will start to gain weight and it will be hard for them to lose it. The movie Fed Up shows how most children go for unhealthy food, and they cant help it. So later on they end up having trouble losing weight even after being active. Most of industries are targeting children at a young age so they can keep it up in adulthood. Eric Schlosser writer of â€Å"Why the Fr ies Taste Good† in Holly Bauer’s book Food Matters states â€Å"childhood memories of Happy Meal can translate into frequent adult visits to McDonalds† (23). The industries want to create a happy environment for the kids to have them eatShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Fast Food961 Words   |  4 PagesWould you like to cut years off your life for just a dollar more? This is the question fast food companies should be asking as we line up out their doors and pile up in their double drive thru lanes. 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His perspective on the topic is feltRead MoreDonT Blame The Eater By David Zinczenko1049 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Dont Blame The Eater,† written by David Zinczenko evokes readers the crucial impact that fast food restaurants have in todays nations youth causing them to be over weight and have type 2ndiabetes. Throughout Zinczenkos argument he makes the reader view the consumer as a victim yet on the other hand, what he is trying to persuade us to believe by using logos,pathos,and ethos in his argument is that the food industry is the one making the nations youth to increase obesity. The capacity of impressiveRead MoreArgumentative Essays About Obesity1560 Words   |  7 Pagesthemselves to get that far into bad health(obesity)? (might be more of a Psychology question though..) 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Irregular Warfare Free Essays

Army is beginning to shape itself for complex irregular warfare. The new Army vision calls for a â€Å"campaign-quality Army- that incorporates both Joint and expeditionary capabilities. This includes the capacity not only to conduct decibels combat operations, but also to sustain operations indefinitely, as well as to adapt Itself to the unexpected and unpredictable, As Army Chief of Staff General Shoemaker puts It, â€Å"The Army preeminent challenge Is to reconcile expeditionary agility and responsiveness with the staying power, durability, and adaptability to carry a conflict to a victorious conclusion no matter what form it eventually takes. We will write a custom essay sample on Irregular Warfare or any similar topic only for you Order Now This vision is oriented on the more asymmetric adversaries targeted in the war on terror. General Shoemaker focuses on the undetectable and â€Å"morally unconstrained† adversaries who are opposed to the United States and its allies. The Army professes to recognize that its enemies will seek asymmetric approaches that provide shelter in those environments and methods for which we are least prepared. Overcoming this adversary requires the adoption off mindset that Is both expeditionary and Joint. This approach accepts uncertainty about location, the high probability of an austere environment, and the need to fight Immediately upon arrival. It moves the Army from Its current disposition toward predictable enemies to an understanding that the new enemies are elusive and will have to be engaged in the far corners of the world. Appropriately, the individual soldier is the centerpiece for the Army transformation. The Army’s pending transformation gives primacy to the warrior ethos, training, and education of â€Å"the ultimate combination of sensor and shooter,† the individual soldier. Its education programs will focus on teaching soldiers how, rather than what, to think, since defeating adaptive enemies requires the Army to outthinking the enemy. The vision statement aptly notes the need for greater agility and versatility, which it says will be gained by emphasizing modularity at the brigade level and combined arms at the lower levels. 1986 Goldwater-Nichols Act and the related Initiative to establish U. S. Special Operations Command (COM). 38 Embedded wealth the congressional legislation was the express expectation that the services achieve a higher order of mint cooperation. Additionally, Congress mandated a particular service-like† status for Special Forces to preclude longstanding prejudices against the elite, unconventional, and secretive component of America’s arsenal. Congress’s insights in this regard have paid significant dividends in the past few years. Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan) revealed a remarkable renaissance in operational capability. Small teams of agile warriors quickly established relationships with the leadership of Afghanistan’s Northern Alliance and ably applied America’s firepower against the Taliban. Subsequently, numerous examples of valor and Improvisation on the fly in Iraq and elsewhere are testimony to the need for and utility of Special Forces. In a world of anarchy, the masters of chaos† provide sophisticated and discriminate means. 39 The Department of Defense has recognized the Importance of this unique arm In the war on terror and assigned COM with a lead role In combating transnational terrorist networks. Coma’s end strength has been increased since 1 ,405 members in IFFY, to nearly 53,000 personnel. 40 Army special forces, SEAL teams, and aviation support have albeit increased. During the troubles in Northern Ireland, the arrival of British troops in 1969 was at first welcomed by Roman Catholics. But the army’s heavy-handed methods, such as large cordon-and-search operations and the shooting of 13 civilians on Bloody Sunday in 1972, pushed many Catholics into the arms of the Provisional Irish Republican Army. Historically, counterinsurgency campaigns have almost always failed. This is especially so when the counterinsurgency are foreign troops fighting on the insurgents’ territory. How to cite Irregular Warfare, Papers

Malaria 2 Essay Example For Students

Malaria 2 Essay ABSTRACTIn this paper I will discuss the topics of malaria disease. I willdiscuss the symptoms of malaria, the preventions of malaria, and thetreatment of malaria. In my conclusion I will sum up all the informationand who ever reads my paper will have a good understanding of this diseaseand the knowledge that if they ever come across this in their life timethey will be able to handle it will especially if they are going to be anurse. Most people in America dont know much about this disease but itsgood to know because our country has lots of people coming from all overthe world and as nurses we have to give care to these people and we shouldhave understanding about other disease that may not be so common in Americabut is around the world. One day it might be common in this country as wellby people bring it to this country so we should know about this serious andfatal disease. And then when you are infected by the virus you have to gettreated within the next 2 months but doesnt mean th at you will be showingsigns of the virusMalaria 3There are 2.1 million people living in malaria areas of the world andthat 270 million people develop new malaria infections every year (Hoffman,1991). Malaria is one of the planets deadliest disease and one of theleading causes of sickness in poor developing countries. Malaria is aserious, sometimes fetal disease caused by a parasite. There are four typesof malaria that infect people: Plasmodium Falciparum, P. Vivax, P. Ovale,and P. Malaria. Because of this disease I will tell about all the symptoms,preventions, and the treatment to better inform you. Malaria affects mostly children and pregnant women. Malaria affectschildren mostly under five years of age. Every minute malaria kills threechildren a day (Rabinovich, 2002). Pregnant women with malaria are mostlikely to develop anemia and with severe anemia there is a high risk tomaternal death. Infants born with mothers with malaria are more likely tohave low birth weight, which is the single greatest risk factor for deathduring the first months of life. As nurses we are to tell anyone who isgoing to a different country especially one that is infected with malariathat they have to take all the precautions to prevent malaria. If they aretaking children, planning to have children, or they are already pregnantyou as nurses have to provide all the information to them to prevent therisk of them or their children from any harm. The first thing I wanted to talk about was the symptoms of malaria. When you are infected with malaria disease you may not even know you wereinfected. Most people get symptoms beginning ten days to four weeks afterinfected. They can feel ill early as eight days or up to a year later. Thistype of malaria P. Vivax, P. Ovale can rest in theMalaria 4liver for several months up to four years after infection and later invadered blood cells causing sickness. Symptoms of malaria include fever, flulike illness, shaking chills, headaches, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting,and bloody diarrhea. Malaria can also cause jaundice because of the loss ofred blood cells. If you have Plasmodium Falciparum you can have kidneyfailure, seizures, mental confusion, coma, and death. As nurses if apatient comes in with these symptoms you can just say its flu becausemalaria can seem like you have flu but you dont. You have to ask them ifthey have been to any different country lately especially one with malaria. .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 , .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .postImageUrl , .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 , .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:hover , .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:visited , .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:active { border:0!important; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:active , .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: This is retarded EssayThere have been a lot of deaths that could have been prevented if only thenurses and doctors had determined it wasnt a flu but malaria and treatedit properly. I second thing wanted to talk about are the preventions of malaria. Malaria occurs mostly at night when the insects come out to feed. You haveto wear long sleeve shirts and long pants and make sure you arent wearingdark color clothing. You also have to make sure you have insect repellenton when skin is exposed. When sleeping at night make sure to sleep underinsect repellant nets to prevent infection. The treatment of malaria includes several drugs. ChloroquineMefloquine is effective against all four human malaria (Hoffman, 1991). Malaria prevention is difficult and likely to change during the comingyears. None